Teen Parenthood - 741 Words

So this is permanence 1: The short story  ´So this is permanence ´ is written by Stephanie Soileau and the theme is teen parenthood. Sarah drops out of her school because of her pregnancy which she hides from her mother. After the pregnancy her life gets difficult, she is frustrated and unhappy with the baby boy, she finds it hard to establish a bond with her baby. Her mother does not know about the situation until its too late to get an abortion. Sarah can ´t fill out the baby ´s needs and cares, her top priority in her life is not about her baby. She then confronts the baby ´s father who is unaware of the situation and is seventeen-years old, he gets irritated and leaves to the rests rooms. Meanwhile the father is in the rest room,†¦show more content†¦You can ´t leave a baby and specially not with somebody you hardly know. What would have happen later in the story if it continued, would the father even realize that she was gone and the baby was left alone with a  ´somebody ´. The father went to the restroom to get high, this is shows that neither he is ready to have a child. It ´s careless and unthoughtful leaving a baby in a diner, Sarah makes the baby look like a plate with some leftovers you can ´t eat and then desert it, waited to get picked up and throw-ed out. 4: There is a lot of bad sides with being a teen parent, some teen parents aint ready to have a child. Some of them are feeling that they are wasting their youth on the child when there is so many things they ratter will. Some teen parents are partying every weekend instead of taking care of their children, they place them overnight at their friends, family and so on. Another example could be your economy, a child is expensive and some can ´t have a job because they go to school plus they put all their time on the baby. It could be such things as clothes and food, your family could help you but in the end its your own responsibility of taking care of your child. The last bad thing about teen parenthood is your mental condition. Your might think you are ready, but you still feel that you need to do a lot things in your life, such as traveling out to see the whole world or buy a new computerShow MoreRelatedTeen Parenthood Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pageswhy this is happening. People began turning to companies like planned parenthood for answers to why this is happening and look for a solution. As teen and unplanned pregnancy become of a problem in society, planned parenthood is taking the bull by the horns and providing younger and older mothers alike with solutions such as birth control, abortion, and implants. According to â€Å"Us Abortions Stats† within the last 10 years, teen pregnancy has become more of a problem among teenagers and in turn hasRead MoreMargaret Sanger s Revolution For Women s Rights1716 Words   |  7 Pagesover-populated beyond capacity for life on Earth. This have might have been the case if it weren’t for the advocate in her field called Margaret Sanger. Sanger was a wife, mother, nurse, entrepreneur, and founder of world wide organization known as Planned Parenthood. She was an activist for birth control, women’s rights for control over their own bodies, and an advocate for promoting sex education. In this essay we will discuss Sanger’s historical background and why I chose her as a significant patron in nursingRead MoreWhy We Need Planned Parenthood1665 Words   |  7 PagesWhy We Need Planned Parenthood In July of 2015 an undercover video was released to the public claiming Planned Parenthood engages in the selling of fetal tissues. These highly doctored videos released as apart of a series by a group called The Center for Medical Progress in attempt to uncover this â€Å"malpractice† within Planned Parenthood clinics. The selling fetal tissue for profit is an illegal activity in the United States therefore the topic alone became of interest to the public. Due to the graphicRead MoreShould The Federal Government Continue Funding Planned Parenthood?1501 Words   |  7 PagesFederal Government continue funding Planned Parenthood? Planned Parenthood is an organization that has been around since at least 1921. Recently, it has been in the limelight due to the on-going Presidential debates leading up to the 2016 election. It appears that the Republicans want to take away all federal funding to shut down the clinics where as the democrats believe that the republicans are misguided in their claims. The â€Å"Planned Parenthood Federation of America† is a non profit organizationRead MoreHistorical Perspective Of The Services Provided And The Funding Or Lack Thereof1362 Words   |  6 PagesHistorical Perspective of the Services Provided and the Funding or Lack Thereof Planned Parenthood is an organization dedicated to fighting for women’s health and rights as well as equality (History and Success, 2015). Margaret Sanger, an activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse is credited for finding the organization. She knew the effects firsthand of what women went through when dealing with an unwanted pregnancy. Her mother birth eighteen children and out of the eighteen, eleven survived. AsRead MoreMargaret Sanger s The First Birth Control Movement1288 Words   |  6 PagesSanger was known for leading the birth control movement. She financed the research needed to develop â€Å"the pill†, an easy form of birth control that women could take themselves. She also founded the Planned Parenthood Federation Of America continuing her legacy of authoritative work to allow parenthood and birth control to be much easier. Margaret Sanger left a legacy of leading the birth control movement. Margaret Sanger was born on September 14th, 1879 to Anne Purcell Higgins and Michael Hennessy HigginsRead MoreMargaret Sanger : A Birth Control Activist1508 Words   |  7 Pagesrights by writing books and articles about women’s sexuality and rights, opening up the first birth control clinic, and helping legalize women’s birth control despite the Comstock Law, which lead to women’s sexual liberation, the start of Planned Parenthoods and women’s reproductive rights and control over their own bodies. Sanger’s literary works from articles to books, including What Every Girl Should Know, â€Å"The Woman Rebel† and Woman and the New Race helped other women learn more about their bodiesRead MoreHow Teens Have A Sexual Education1081 Words   |  5 Pagesa very important source for information also. Social media or television also provides a lot of answers to many questions while allowing teens to stay anonymous. It seems that the severity of the issue or question determines where teenagers will find their answers. According to a Planned Parenthood survey (Planned Parenthood, 2012, para.1), 50% of the teens are uncomfortable talking to their parents about sex but only 19% of parents are uncomfortable having the sex talk. The good news is parentsRead MoreThe Effects Of Birth Control And Abortion2816 Words   |  12 Pagesobscenities (Case Western University, 2010). The Comstock Laws declared family planning and contraception illegal and obscene (Planned Parenthood Federation of America, 2014). In 1916 Margaret Sanger, her sister, and a friend, opened the first Birth Control Clinic in Brooklyn, New York (Planned Parenthood Federation of America, 2014). According to the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (2014), Margaret Sanger â€Å"witnessed the sickness, misery, and death that result from unwanted pregnancy and illegalRead MoreParenthood Is A Health Care Provider1730 Words   |  7 PagesPlanned Parenthood is a health care provider that focuses on supplying women and men of all ages and backgrounds with health care and sex education. This includes, but is not limited to, contraception, testing and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases, screenings for cancers, sexual education courses, and, most notably, abortions. Planned Parenthood finds itself at the center of much controversy specifically for its role in terminating pregnancies, as well as providing students with sex education

The Milgram Study On Obedience - 1731 Words

The Milgram study was considered to be one of the most famous studies, on obedience in the history of psychology. The Milgram study was done by Stanley Milgram a Yale University psychologist, whose study was to focus on two things one being obedience to authority, and a persons personal conscience. The results of the study were remarkable, as according to (McLeod, 2007) 65 percent of two-thirds of the participants or teachers continued administering shocks to the highest voltage level of 450 volts. The rest of the teachers continued to at least 300 volts. Milgram did this experiment in 18 different ways and altered the independent variables in each trail to see how it affects the outcome or dependent variable. Milgram’s experiment was directly influenced by World war 2 and the holocaust, and while Milgram wanted to test how far people would go in obeying instructions even at the risk of hurting someone. Following Milgram’s experiment he came up with two types of theorie s, one being the autonomous state, which says that people tend to direct their own actions, and take responsibility for the results of those actions. The second theory is the agentic state which says that people will allow other’s to direct their actions, and then pass the responsibility for the consequences off on the person who gave them the orders, or in short they act as agents for someone else s will (Milgram, 1974). Milgram’s study set out to prove something and it did just that, it proved that peopleShow MoreRelatedmilgrams study into obedience777 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscuss two factors that Milgram found effect obedience? Refer to empirical evidence in your answer Milgram’s original study into obedience came under to a lot of scrutiny because of both mythological and ethical problems. This meant that the validity of Milgram’s study was put into question. Following the study were further investigations to see what might change and explain the results that Milgram found, both by Milgram himself and other psychologists. Variations to his study throw up interestingRead MoreBehavioral Study Of Obedience By Stanley Milgram1053 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience† by Stanley Milgram (1963) Stanley Milgram Yale University Group 1: Wasis Ali, Christopher Okpala, Michelle Walden, Estefany Majano General Psychology 1010 Ms. Thompson Spring Semester, March 17, 2014 Introduction In 1961, The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology published an article by Stanley Milgram, a researcher at Yale University, and his study testing obedience towards political influence vs towards morals and values taught from an early ageRead MoreStanley Milgram s Obedience Study1325 Words   |  6 PagesPsychology 230 Stanley Milgram’s obedience study has become one of the most timeless experiments and is thought of as a work of art. In this experiment, Milgram examined if individuals would take requests from authority figures regardless if they felt that the requests were ethical or not. Milgram chose members for this study by daily paper advertising for male participants to partake in an investigation at Yale University. In World War II, Nazis justified killings by saying that they were simplyRead MoreBehavioral Study Of Obedience By Stanley Milgram1313 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiment performed by Stanley Milgram titled â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience†. Stanley Milgram conducted his study in June of 1961 at Yale University. Three months prior to the start of the experiment, a former Nazi war criminal named Adolf Eichmann was put on trial for his involvement with the Nazi party. At the time, society questioned whether Eichmann and other war criminals could be held responsible for their crimes or if they were simply following orders. Milgram designed his experiment to shedRead MoreThe Fundamental Attribution Error : The Milgram Obedience Study Performed By Stanley Milgram957 Words   |  4 Pagessituation. Studies show that in most cases socially we want to fit in with a group, don’t want to be different, don’t want to be wrong, and in many instances act different than what our typical personality and values are based on influencing social factors. One of the main factors that often contributes to how we act in certain situations is to obey those in authority positions. The studies provided below are examples of the show how behaviors can change based on social factors. The Milgram ObedienceRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Behavioral Study Of Obedience 965 Words   |  4 Pagessubmission or obedience.   In Stanley Milgram’s â€Å"Behavioral Study of Obedience†, he elaborates on the notion of obedience with accordance to the behaviors of a higher power and his subjects. Milgram’s defines obedience as â€Å"the psychological mechanism that links individual  action  to political  pur-pose.  It  is the dispositional  cement  that  binds men to systems of authority† (371). Milgram’s experiment was conducted with response to the Nazi war trials. Through experimentation, Milgram discovered theRead MoreThe Concentration Camps : Dr. Milgram s Study On Obedience Of Everyday Normal People990 Words   |  4 Pageshe does best to find support for his position from others in his group. The mutual support provided by men for each other is the strongest bulwark we have against the excesses of authority. (Milgram, 1974) In 1963, the Yale psychologist Milgram had performed a very controversial experiment on the obedience of participants towards an authority’s orders. He had discovered that a very small marginal of participants could resist the demands of an authority figure. This experiment was about learningRead MoreOutline the Simalarities and Differences Between Milgrams (1963) Obedience Study and Burgers (2009) Replication1550 Words   |  7 PagesKaren Bullen R2208481 DE 100 Investigating Psychology 1 TMA02 Outline the similarities and differences between Milgrams (1963) obedience study and Burgers (2009) replication. This essay will look at an important key psychological experiment carried out by the renowned social psychologist Stanley Milgram which was carried out in the early 1960’s (Banyard 2012) to determine how far ordinary people would go to inflict pain to a fellow human based on instruction from an authority figure, andRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Obedience Essay1709 Words   |  7 PagesStill, many questions still remain prevalent as to how an individual reaches his or her decision on obedience in a distressing environment. Inspired by Nazi trials, Stanley Milgram, an American psychologist, questions the social norm in â€Å"Perils of Obedience† (1964), where he conducted a study to test how far the average American was willing to for under the pressures of an authority figure. Milgram s study showed that under the orders of an authoritative figure, 64% of average Americans had the capabilityRead MoreStanley Milgram s Research On Obedience863 Words   |  4 PagesStanley Milgram s groundbreaking studies on obedience certainly shocked the world with their electrifying results. The experiment that Milgram conducted included ordinary people delivering â€Å"shocks† to an unknown subject, which caused much controversy to occur and raised many questions in the psychological world. Diana Baumrind, a psychologist at the University of California and one of Milgram’s colleagues, attacks Milgram’s ethics in her review. She decides that Milgram s tests are unethical towards

Compare the two poems “ Boy driving his father to confession by Seamus Heaney and Praise song for my mother by Grace Nichols Essay Example For Students

Compare the two poems â€Å" Boy driving his father to confession by Seamus Heaney and Praise song for my mother by Grace Nichols Essay When asked to compare the two poems à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Boy driving his father to confession by Seamus Heaney and Praise song for my mother by Grace Nichols the first thing that stuck out was the difference in layout. Seamus Heaneys poem is written in longer sentences and reads more like a story. Grace Nichols poem is a lot shorter with only two words in some lines and it compares her mother to various things. Seamus Heaney writes about his father in a realistic way, never praising him and only focussing on his bad points. Grace Nichols on the other hand only praises her mother, so much that I felt that this poem was a lie, nobody thinks that their parent is that perfect. Praise song for my mother is written in the past tense so maybe her mother is dead and she has written this poem in her memory, only praising her good points because maybe she feels guilty that they could have been closer. In the last line of the poem it says Go into your wide futures, you said perhaps the daughter went overseas and didnt see her mother for a long time and now feels guilty that while away her mother was ill and died and had to face this without her daughter by her side. I think its easier to see the good points in someone if you are away from them for a long time, you dont have to see their bad points and like the saying says absence makes the heart grow fonder. Boy driving his father to confession tells us about the difficult relationship between Seamus and his father. You are immediately aware of this in the title, instead of writing son he has written boy. I think that men find it difficult to talk about their feelings and emotions. Seamus Heaney tells us that on only four occasions has he seen his father let his guard down and show his emotions. The picture I get of his father is a very private man who keeps himself to himself he probably doesnt talk to his son about anything personal only to tell him to do his homework, wash the car, tidy the room etc. I also feel that if they had to discuss an item of news the father would not accept the sons point of view. The writer Grace Nichols is Caribbean and because of this has written her poem comparing her mother to various things found in the Caribbean, in line 12 she has written the flame trees spread to me followed by the crabs leg / the fried plantain smell. I think that my mother would be upset to be compared to something that I used to look for in rock pools on holidays. The diet of the Caribbean people is very different to ours. Her mother appears to have been very hippy like. Grace compares her to water, deep and bold and fathoming.  I think that the mother understood her daughter well, and because of this allowed her to make her own decisions and perhaps learn by her own mistakes. In the second verse she compares her mother to the moon you were moons eye to me, pull and grained and mantling. Her mother would always look out for Grace, perhaps Grace didnt always agree with her mother but she always knew that her mother would protect her. The third verse you were sunrise to me rise a nd warm and streaming. This again shows the Caribbean influence with the reference to the sunrises à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" more common there than in Wales. .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 , .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 .postImageUrl , .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 , .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80:hover , .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80:visited , .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80:active { border:0!important; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80:active , .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80 .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u50547eb36801b49551b7ea96e22f1e80:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Women in Hamlet EssaySeamus Heaney is an Irish, Roman Catholic, we know his religion from the end of the poem where he drops his father at the church so he can go to confession. Seamus Heaney appears to be reflecting on his relationship with his father, Here at the churchyard I am slowing down to meet you, the fourth time on common ground. Why is he driving his father to confession? He writes you grunt, and slam the door. I watch another who gropes awkwardly to know his father. The Roman Catholics use the term father for God. Does his father have to make peace with God because he is dying, is this why Seamus is prepared to meet his father because he may not be around for long. Seamus Heaney struggles to understand his father. I think that he was a reserved man who when his other son died was terribly upset and Seamus was startled to find that his father didnt know what to do to make things better. They appear to have been a family whose life was fairly routine and ordinary, when his mother goes away for a holiday they take her to the airport and his father is upset. I was shocked at your tears when my mothers plane took off he writes In twelve years you had not been apart for one whole day till this long talked of holiday Perhaps even though this had been discussed the father didnt really think the mother would go without him, why did she go away? Perhaps there was another reason, maybe the two parents werent getting along anymore. Having shown his emotions to his son at the airport he is then embarrassed and takes him for a beer. When his father tells Seamus a smutty story he is trying to treat his son like one of his mates, and Seamus writes We both knew this was an unprecedented breakthrough. Perhaps his father was finding it easier to get along with his son the older he got. You asked me to drive up to church, and sit morose as ever. I think his father was a moody man, never really happy with his life and now has had to make a big decision to confess to God about his life, and tries to hide his feelings by telling his  son how to drive the car. I preferred Boy driving his father to confession to Praise song for my mother I think its because the Irish culture is similar to our own and the references in Praise Song do not really mean much to me, also Seamus Heaney poem is more of a story with Grace Nichols poem you have to think about what she means à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" when she refers to her mother as pull and grained and mantling. Perhaps also because I am a son I relate better to Boy driving his father to confession.

Philosophic Dilemma

If, as the President of Helpo Pharmaceuticals, I was to assess the provided ethical dilemma within the conceptual framework of Utilitarian theory, I would end up deciding in favor of subjecting South African villagers to drug-testing, as something fully ethical/moral.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophic Dilemma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is because, given the fact that Utilitarian theory’s foremost theoretical premise is being concerned with the notion of ‘maximization of benefits’1, it will only be logical, on my part, to assume that the potential benefits, which will come as a result of people in Western countries being provided with the effective cancer-drug, would dramatically overweigh the dubious benefits of considering the lives of South African villagers as such that represent a some kind of ‘sanctified’ value. After all, according to the proponents of U tilitarian theory, it is only one’s life that can be enjoyed, which deserves ‘living’, in the first place. This partially explains why Utilitarianists tend to think of the notion of ‘life’s worth’ as being synonymous with the notion of ‘pleasure’, regardless of whether this pleasure is being of sensual, aesthetic or intellectual essence: â€Å"Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do†.2 And, as we are being well aware of – there has always been a positive correlation between the extent of people lives’ ‘enjoyableness’ and these people’s ability to act as the agents of cultural/social/technological progress. This is exactly the reason why Western countries continue to serve as a magnet to the hordes of legal and illegal immigrants from the Third World. Once in Western countries, these peo ple find themselves in a position to start enjoying their lives, for a change, as opposed to be continuously preoccupied with looking for eatable insects and plants, in time free from indulging in a tribal warfare, as it is often being the case in their native ‘spiritually rich’ but technologically and culturally backward countries. Therefore, when assessed through the lenses of Utilitarian theory, there is nothing unethical about subjecting South African villagers to drug-testing – even if some of these people die, during the course of a process, it will not account for any real tragedy, whatsoever. The reason for this is simple – just as it is being the case with the value of natural resources, for example, the value of one’s life is never ‘intrinsic’ but always ‘circumstantial’. To put it plainly – the more there are people, whose existence depends on technology-extensive exploitation of natural resources (as it i s being the case in Africa), the more their lives drop in value, and vice versa.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, it does not come as a particular surprise that in Africa, the value of one’s life appears particularly cheap – after all, for a duration of last few decades, most African countries never ceased suffering from the acute problem of overpopulation. And, the lesser appears to be the value of a particular individual’s life, the lesser would be the number of potential objections against turning such an individual into the subject of drug-testing – pure and simple.3 When, as the President of Helpo Pharmaceuticals, I was to analyze the dilemma of whether to make South African villages the subjects of a drug-testing within the framework of Kantian theory, I would come to a qualitatively opposite conclusion. Specifically – I would assume a strongly defined negative stance towards the idea that humans can be used as the subjects of medical experimentation. This is because such an idea stands in striking opposition to the foremost principle of Kant’s moral philosophy, commonly known as ‘categorical imperative’: â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you†.4 Given the fact that I would not like any medicine to be tested on me, especially if I remained completely unaware of it, I do not have a moral right to suggest that such a testing could be done on others. There is also another reason why, if I believed in the conceptual legitimacy of Kantian ethics, I would refrain from experimenting with the new cancer-drug on South-African villagers – experimenting on humans can never become a commonplace practice. It is important to understand that the actual reason why Utilitarian theorists would most definitely refer to such a practice as fully appropriate is that, in their eyes, it is being circumstantially justified. Kantian theory, however, suggests that the measure of just about any practice’s ethical appropriateness is being reflective of the extent of its ‘universality’: â€Å"Act only according to that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law†. 5 In other words, in order for the Kantians to be able to refer to the idea that South African villagers may be subjected to a medical experimentation as ethically legitimate, there would have to be no obstacles on the way of adopting the practice of secret medical experimentation on humans, as the integral part of health care system’s overall functioning. This, however, would prove impossible. Deciding in favor of allowing South African villagers to be experimented upon would also contradict another important provision of Kantian ethics, concerned with emphasizing the sheer inappropriateness of referring to people as merely the ‘m eans’.6Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Philosophic Dilemma specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, given the fact that Kantian theory insists that the extent of just about every ethics-related decision positively relates to the measure of such a decision’s affiliation with the notion of rationale, there is a theoretical possibility for the idea of subjecting South African villagers to drug-testing to be defined as being perfectly ethical. This is because it is specifically the rationale-driven realization of a simple fact that the testing of a new cancer-drug on South African villagers may save the lives of millions and millions of incurably ill patients with cancer, which prompted me to consider giving ‘go ahead’ to this testing, in the first place. After all, even today it remains a universal practice among health care professionals to go about providing their patients with t he treatment in a manner that often appears irrespective of these patients’ emotional anxieties. For example, if the only way to save a particular patient’s life would be amputating his or her gangrened leg, it will be amputated – regardless of whether the patient agrees with it or not. This actually points out to Kantian theory’s foremost shortcoming – apparently, contrary to what this theory implies, treating people as ‘means’ often appears to be fully consistent with the principle of universality. The main theoretical premise, upon which the provisions of Virtue Ethicist theory appear to be based, is the assumption that – neither the initial intention, behind one’s choosing in favor of a particular course of action, nor such action’s actual consequences, may be truly reflective of the extent of action’s ethical appropriateness. It is specifically the nature of action’s varying affiliation with Aris totelian four basic ‘virtues’ (justice, temperance, courage and wisdom) that provides us with the insight into whether such an action could be considered ethically legitimate or not.7 In its turn, this suggests theory’s implicational ambiguity – hence, making it quite inapplicable, when it comes to dealing with truly complicated ethical issues. For example, if I was to utilize Virtue Ethicist theory, while assessing the ethical subtleties of an idea of subjecting South African to drug-testing, there would be a number of good reasons for me to think of proceeding with this idea’s practical implementation as being fully ethical.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After all, such a decision, on my part, would be fully consistent with: a) the virtue of courage (by testing the new cancer-drug on South African villagers, I would be exposed to the prospect of facing criminal charges) b) the virtue of temperance (I would make a point in reducing the number of human guinea pigs down to a minimum) c) the virtue of justice (depriving millions and millions of Western cancer-patients of a chance to save their lives, at the expense of saving the lives of few South African tribesmen, would be deemed unjust) d) the virtue of wisdom (the notion of wisdom usually proves utterly inconsistent with the notion of conventional morality, especially if this morality has clearly defined religious or ‘politically correct’ undertones to it). This is actually the reason why it never occurred to the Nazi surgeons that their practice of turning concentration camps’ inmates into human guinea pigs was unethical – in these people’s minds, such their practice was deemed highly virtuous. In its turn, this once again exposes the conceptual fallaciousness of an idea that the extent of a particular action’s ethical appropriateness/inappropriateness is being irrespective of this action’s actual consequences. I believe that the provided earlier line of argumentation, in regards to how the case study’s dilemma would be perceived through the conceptual lenses of Utilitarian, Kantian, and Virtue Ethicist theories, suggests that it is namely the utilization of Utilitarian theory (to address this dilemma) should be considered the most appropriate. This is because, unlike what it is being the case with Kantian and Virtue Ethicist theories, Utilitarian theory is being correlative with the innermost subtleties of how people indulge in a rationale-driven cognition. After all, while tackling a particular challenge, we are being naturally prompted to assess the appropriateness/inappropriateness of addressing this challenge in one way or another in regards to how we may benefit/suffer from adopting a particular stance towards the challenge. For example, if I was asked to lend $100 to the one of my closest friends, I would most likely to decide in favor of lending the money. If, however, my closest friend had approached me with the request to lend him $10.000, without having to sign any legal papers, I would decline this request as ‘unethical’. This is because the latter scenario implies that the potential risk of losing $10.000 overweigh the potential benefits of staying on good terms with my friend. The same can be said about the ethical subtleties of an idea of subjecting South African villagers to medical experimentation. As it was shown in paper’s Part 1, the benefits of making the new-cancer drug available to the patients (which could only be accomplished if this drug is being thoroughly tested on humans), overweigh the benefits of not endangering these villagers†™ lives, especially given the fact that there is no particularly high value to their lives, in the first place. Endnotes: 1 See Bentham’s conceptualization of ‘maximization of benefits’ (p. 38). 2 Despite such Bentham suggestion’s simplicity, it nevertheless remains scientifically legitimate (p. 38). 3 Utilitarian theory denies objectiveness to the concept of ‘human rights’ (p. 41). 4 Kant’s ‘moral imperative’ does not allow people’s ‘objectualization’ (p. 43) 5 Kant refers to the appropriateness/inappropriateness of just about every act as ‘thing in itself’ (p. 43). 6 Kant specifies that under no circumstances may people’s well-being be sacrificed for the sake of some ‘higher good’ (p. 43). 7 Aristotle also defines nine additional or ‘second order’ virtues (p. 44). Reference: Tittle, P. (2000). Ethical issues in business: inquiries, cases, and readings. Pe terborough: Broadview Press Ltd. This essay on Philosophic Dilemma was written and submitted by user Maximilian Duke to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.